OPINION BY OLSON, J.:

In this medical malpractice action, Appellants, James S. Lewis, M.D. ("Dr. Lewis") and Advanced Laser Vision, P.C. ("Advanced Laser"), appeal from the trial court order entered July 6, 2011, denying their motion for summary judgment.1 For the following reasons, we reverse the trial court's order and hold that the claims against Appellants are barred by the seven-year statute of repose set forth in the Medical Care Availability and Reduction of Error Act ("the MCARE Act"), 40 P.S. § 1303.513.

The record reflects the relevant factual and procedural history of this matter as follows.

On June 1, 2000, Dr. Lewis performed LASIK surgery on Appellee, Francis X. Osborne. On August 10, 2004, Mr. Osborne returned to see Dr. Lewis, complaining of decreased vision. At that time, Dr. Lewis confirmed that Mr. Osborne was losing his vision. Mr. Osborne subsequently went to see a number of doctors and specialists. Eventually, Mr. Osborne was told that the LASIK surgery performed on June 1, 2000 was causing his sight to deteriorate.

On July 24, 2007, Mr. Osborne commenced this medical malpractice action against Dr. Lewis, Advanced Laser, and Barry Fabriziani, O.D. ("Dr. Fabriziani"), alleging that, on June 1, 2000, the defendants provided negligent medical care when they performed LASIK surgery on the corneas of both of Mr. Osborne's eyes. After the close of pleadings and discovery, all defendants moved for summary judgment. Appellants' motion alleged, inter alia, that the claims against them are barred by the seven-year statute of repose set forth in the MCARE Act, 40 P.S. § 1303.513(a). By its July 6, 2011 order, the trial court denied Appellants' motion for summary judgment.2

Subsequently, Appellants requested that the trial court amend the July 6, 2011 order and grant them permission to file an interlocutory appeal pursuant to 42 Pa. C.S.A. § 702(b) and Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 1311. The trial court did not rule on the motion. Therefore, the motion was denied by operation of law. Pa.R.A.P. 1311(b) ("Unless the trial court or other government unit acts on the application within 30 days after it is filed, the trial court or other government unit shall no longer consider the application and it shall be deemed denied.")

Nevertheless, on August 3, 2011, Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal to the trial court's July 6, 2011 order. On August 10, 2011, the trial court issued an order directing Appellants to file their concise statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellants complied with that order on August 25, 2011, and on September 27, 2011, the trial court issued a Rule 1925(a) opinion.

The trial court's Rule 1925(a) opinion did not address the merits of Appellants' appeal, but instead opined that our Court lacked jurisdiction over the appeal because the order denying Appellants' motion for summary judgment was interlocutory. See Trial Court Opinion, 9/27/2011, at 3. Consequently, the trial court suggested that we quash the appeal.

On July 6, 2012, this panel issued a memorandum opinion, disagreeing with the trial court. Rather, we held that the July 6, 2011 trial court order denying Appellants' motion for summary judgment was an immediately appealable collateral order pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure 313.3 Consequently, we remanded this matter to the trial court with instructions for the trial court to prepare and file a supplemental Rule 1925(a) opinion addressing the merits of Appellants' issues on appeal. We retained jurisdiction and awaited the trial court's Rule 1925(a) opinion on the merits of Appellant's claims. On October 12, 2012, the trial court filed its supplemental opinion. Thus, the case is ripe for our decision on the merits of the issues raised by Appellants.

Appellants present three issues for our consideration:

Appellants' Brief at 4.

Appellants' first issue on appeal addresses whether we have jurisdiction to consider the trial court's July 6, 2011 order. As set forth above, on July 6, 2012, this panel issued a memorandum opinion addressing the appealability of the trial court's July 6, 2011 order, wherein we held that the order is an immediately appealable collateral order. Therefore, we held that we have jurisdiction to address the merits of Appellants' appeal. Consequently, there is no need for us to address Appellants' first issue on appeal any further.

Appellants' next two issues on appeal address whether the MCARE Act's statute of repose applies to the malpractice claims asserted in this matter, and if so, whether the claims in this matter are barred by the application of that provision. Appellants' Brief at 10-16. Therefore, we consider the two issues together.

Our consideration of the applicability of the MCARE Act's statute of repose raises an issue of statutory interpretation. Issues of statutory interpretation present questions of law for which our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is plenary. Gustine Uniontown Assocs., Ltd. v. Anthony Crane Rental, Inc., L.P., 577 Pa. 14, 842 A.2d 334, 343 (2004).

In 2002, the Pennsylvania General Assembly reformed the law on medical professional liability by passing the MCARE Act. See Act of March 20, 2002, P.L. 154, as amended, 40 P.S. §§ 1303.101-1303.910. The declared intentions of the MCARE Act establish that it was a comprehensive effort by the General Assembly to allow for fair compensation to those injured because of medical negligence, while attempting to maintain medical professional liability insurance at an affordable and reasonable cost. See 40 P.S. § 1303.102.4 As Chief Justice Castille explained in his dissenting opinion in Wexler v. Hecht, 593 Pa. 118, 928 A.2d 973, 986 (2007), "[t]he MCARE Act was a response to a widely publicized perceived health care crisis in Pennsylvania, which included an alleged fear on the part of medical practitioners that malpractice insurance was becoming unaffordable resulting in some medical doctors opting to leave practice in the Commonwealth."

One way in which the MCARE Act addressed the crisis of the rising cost of medical professional liability insurance was to institute a seven-year statute of repose on claims that, prior to the act, had no statute of repose at all. See 40 Pa.S.A. § 1303.513. The MCARE Act's statute of repose reads as follows:

Id. Significantly, the implementing provision of the MCARE Act specifically sets forth that the statute of repose applies to causes of action that "arise on or after" its effective date, March 20, 2002. Act 2002-13, P.L. 154, § 5105(b).

In its Rule 1925(a) opinion denying application of the MCARE Act's statute of repose to this matter, the trial court reasoned that the alleged tort suffered by Mr. Osborne occurred on June 1, 2000, when Mr. Osborne underwent LASIK surgery. Trial Court Opinion, 10/12/2012, at 9. None of the parties in this matter disputes that fact; the alleged tort occurred on June 1, 2000. Considering that the alleged tort occurred on June 1, 2000, which was nearly two-years prior to the effective date of the MCARE Act (March 20, 2002), the trial court reasoned that the MCARE Act's statute of repose does not apply to this matter. Id. Consequently, the trial court denied Appellant's motion for summary judgment on that basis.

Appellants, however, distinguish the language used in the MCARE Act's statute of repose, from the language in the clause providing when the MCARE Act is effective. Appellants point out that, while the MCARE Act's statute of repose runs from the date of the alleged tort, the Act may be applied to causes of action that "arise on or after" the March 20, 2002 date. Appellants' Brief at 12-16 (emphasis added). According to Appellants, under certain circumstances, there is a distinction between when a "tort occurs" and when a "cause of action arises." Id. at 13. In those circumstances, Appellants argue, the MCARE Act's statute of repose bars causes of action alleging injuries that arise after the effective date of the Act even if the medical procedure/advice that produces the injury occurred prior to the MCARE Act's effective date. Id.

In support of their argument, Appellants rely upon our Court's reasoning in Matharu v. Muir, 29 A.3d 375 (Pa.Super.2011) (en banc). Appellant's Brief at 13-14. In Matharu, plaintiffs, a husband and wife with conflicting Rh-negative and Rh-positive blood types, filed suit in 2007 shortly after the death of their sixth child. Id. at 377-380. In that matter, the parties agreed that the negligent act which formed the basis of the action occurred in 1998, when the defendant doctor failed to administer RhoGAM during or immediately after the mother's second pregnancy.5 Id. at 380. The plaintiffs alleged that the doctor's failure to administer RhoGAM in 1998 caused the death of their sixth child in 2005. Id. Defendants in Matharu moved for summary judgment, arguing, inter alia, that the couple's claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations. Id. The trial court denied that motion, and defendants appealed.

Of significance to this matter, on appeal in Matharu, an en banc panel of our Court held that the MCARE Act's statute of repose applied to the couple's claims because, while the tort at issue occurred in 1998, the injury giving rise to a cause of action did not occur until 2005, when their sixth child died. Id. at 382. Therefore, because the couple's cause of action arose after the implementation of the MCARE Act (March 20, 2002), we held that the specific "death or survival actions" provision of the MCARE Act's statute of repose applied to that matter. Id.; 40 Pa.S.A. § 1303.513(d).

Pursuant to our reasoning in Matharu, we agree with Appellants that claims resulting from a tort that occurred prior to the effective date of the MCARE Act may be subject to the Act's statute of repose, if, like in Matharu, the cause of action resulting from that tort did not arise until after the effective date of the MCARE Act.6 Therefore, we next consider whether Mr. Osborne's cause of action arose before or after the effective date of the MCARE Act; i.e., March 20, 2002.

Mr. Osborne argues that his cause of action arose in June of 2000, when he had the LASIK surgery. Osborne's Brief at 16-20. In support of that argument, Mr. Osborne relies upon medical testimony from several doctors, each opining that Mr. Osborne was a poor candidate for LASIK surgery, and that performing such surgery on his eyes deviated from the standard of care. Id. According to the testimony relied upon by Mr. Osborne, the LASIK surgery in 2000 caused the progression of Mr. Osborne's declining sight. Id. Therefore, Mr. Osborne argues that he was injured in June of 2000, such that his cause of action arose at the time of his surgery. Id.

Appellants, however, argue that under Pennsylvania law, a cause of action does not arise until the injury resulting from the tort physically manifests itself and becomes objectively ascertainable. Appellant's Brief at 13. Under that theory, Appellants argue that, even accepting the medical testimony opining that performing surgery on Mr. Osborne in June of 2000 was contrary to the standard of care, Mr. Osborne's cause of action did not arise until he suffered a noticeable effect from the deviation from that standard of care. Id. Based upon the certified record, Appellants argue that Mr. Osborne's own testimony concedes that he did not suffer deterioration in his eyesight until late 2003 or 2004. Id. Therefore, Appellants argue that there is no material issue of fact that Mr. Osborne's cause of action did not arise until late 2003 or 2004 — after the effective date of the MCARE Act. Id.

Pursuant to Pennsylvania law, a cause of action accrues when a plaintiff could first maintain the action to successful conclusion. Kapil v. Assoc. of Pa. State College and Univ. Faculties, 504 Pa. 92, 470 A.2d 482, 485 (1983). To maintain his medical malpractice action to successful conclusion, Mr. Osborne is required to establish "that 1) the medical practitioner owed a duty to [him]; 2) the practitioner breached that duty; 3) the breach was the proximate cause of, or a substantial factor in, bringing about the harm [that he suffered]; and 4) the damages suffered were the direct result of the harm." Carrozza v. Greenbaum, 866 A.2d 369, 379 (Pa.Super.2004), citing Montgomery v. South Philadelphia Medical Group, 441 Pa.Super. 146, 656 A.2d 1385, 1390 (1995). Furthermore, distinguishing between "injury" and "harm," our Court has held that even if a plaintiff has been injured, that plaintiff may not pursue a claim for damages until he or she exhibited some physical manifestation of harm resulting from the injury. See Ingenito v. AC & S, Inc., 430 Pa.Super. 129, 633 A.2d 1172, 1178 (1993).

For example, in Simmons v. Pacor, Inc., 543 Pa. 664, 674 A.2d 232 (1996), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied recovery for claims based upon exposure to asbestos where, although the plaintiffs each suffered diagnosed asbestos-related diseases, the diseases were, as of the time of suit, asymptomatic. Appellants in that matter argued that, "even though they [had] not proven the existence of physical symptoms, they [had] medically significant diseases that will never improve, and may worsen." Id. at 236. Therefore, the appellants in Simmons argued that their injuries (the diseases) warranted the awarding of damages. Id. The Supreme Court disagreed, reasoning, in part, that, despite the existence of the diseases, because appellants in that matter suffered no harm from the diseases, they had not established physical injury necessitating an award of damages. Id. at 237.

Similarly, in Ayers v. Morgan, 397 Pa. 282, 154 A.2d 788 (1959), the plaintiff sued the doctor who, nine years earlier, had performed surgery on him and had left a sponge within the plaintiff's abdomen. Within its consideration of the applicable statute of limitations, the Supreme Court in Ayers explained that, while the act of leaving the sponge within his abdomen was certainly actionable, the plaintiff in Ayers could not have launched his lawsuit on the day that the surgery was performed because, at that time, no injury was yet inflicted. Id. at 790. Rather, the Supreme Court explained that "[t]he injury became a reality when the sponge began to break down healthful tissue within the body of the plaintiff." Id. Quoting its holding in a previous matter, the Court explained, "a right of action accrues only when injury is sustained by the plaintiff[] — not when the causes are set in motion which ultimately produce the injury as a consequence." Id. at 790-791, quoting Foley v. Pittsburgh-Des Moines Co., 363 Pa. 1, 68 A.2d 517, 535 (1949) (emphasis in original).7

Applying the above reasoning to this matter, we hold that, while the LASIK surgery which allegedly set in motion the ultimate decline of Mr. Osborne's vision occurred on June 1, 2000, Mr. Osborne's cause of action did not arise until he suffered ascertainable negative effects of the LASIK surgery. On that issue, it is significant to note that none of the medical testimony relied upon by Mr. Osborne in opposition to summary judgment opines when Mr. Osborne first suffered and/or noticed the effects of his declining sight. Id. Rather, the only evidence presented on the issue is the testimony of Mr. Osborne and his mother, explaining that he first noticed his declining vision in late 2003 or 2004. Mr. Osborne offers no evidence to dispute that timeframe. Consequently, there is no disputed issue of material fact that Mr. Osborne was unable to maintain his action to successful conclusion until late 2003 or 2004. Therefore, Mr. Osborne's cause of action arose, at the earliest, in late 2003. Consequently, we hold that the MCARE Act's statute of repose, which applies to causes of action that arise on or after March 20, 2002, applies to this action.

As set forth above, the applicable subsection of the MCARE Act's statute of repose relevant to this matter mandates that "no cause of action asserting a medical professional liability claim may be commenced after seven years from the date of the alleged tort or breach of contract." 40 Pa.S.A. § 1303.513(a). In this matter, neither party disputes that the alleged tort occurred on June 1, 2000, and that Mr. Osborne filed suit over seven years later, on July 24, 2007. Consequently, application of the MCARE Act's statute of repose to this matter compels the conclusion that Mr. Osborne's claims against Appellants are barred by passage of the repose period.

Our analysis, however, does not end here. Rather, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court goes on to suggest that, even if the MCARE Act's statute of repose applies to this matter (which we hold that it does), application of the statute of repose should be tolled by the doctrine of fraudulent concealment. Trial Court Opinion, 10/12/2012, at 9-10. Referring to a concept occasionally raised by plaintiffs in opposition to a statute of limitations defense, the trial court noted that the doctrine of fraudulent concealment tolls the running of statutes of limitations where fraud has caused a plaintiff to relax his vigilance or deviate from his right to inquire into the facts. Id., quoting Fine v. Checcio, 582 Pa. 253, 870 A.2d 850, 861 (2005). With this principle in mind, the trial court in this case determined that there was at least a material issue of fact that Appellants fraudulently concealed the cause of Mr. Osborne's deteriorating vision. Id. Therefore, the trial court concluded that the running of the MCARE Act's statute of repose should be tolled by the doctrine of fraudulent concealment. Id.

The trial court's analysis and reliance upon Fine, however, improperly blends the concepts of statutes of limitations and statutes of repose. Statutes of repose and statutes of limitations set forth different time limitations, with different intentions, and different applicable doctrines. See e.g. Noll v. Harrisburg Area YMCA, 537 Pa. 274, 643 A.2d 81, 84 (1994) (A statute of repose "does not merely bar a party's right to a remedy as a statute of limitations does, but it completely abolishes and eliminates the cause of action."); McConnaughey v. Building Components, Inc., 536 Pa. 95, 637 A.2d 1331, 1332 n. 1 (1994) ("Statutes of repose differ from statutes of limitation in that statutes of repose potentially bar a plaintiff's suit before the cause of action arises, whereas statutes of limitation limit the time in which a plaintiff may bring suit after the cause of action accrues."). The trial court's reliance upon precedent addressing statutes of limitations does not persuade us that the doctrine of fraudulent concealment applies to the MCARE Act's statute of repose.

Indeed, we are unaware of any Pennsylvania precedent applying the doctrine of fraudulent concealment to the statute of repose set forth at Section 1303.513(a). Therefore, we consider the language of Section 1303.513 to determine whether the General Assembly intended for fraudulent concealment to apply. In interpreting the MCARE Act, we are mindful of the principles that guide us.

Fletcher v. Pa. Prop. & Cas. Ins. Guar. Ass'n, 603 Pa. 452, 985 A.2d 678, 694 (2009) (parallel citations omitted).

Analysis of Section 1303.513 reveals that the MCARE Act's statute of repose expressly provides for the doctrine of fraudulent concealment to apply in wrongful death or survival actions.8 By contrast, the general statute of repose set forth in subsection (a), and at issue in this matter, does not expressly provide an exception for fraudulent concealment.9 Applying the principles set forth above, by expressly providing a fraudulent concealment exception in subsection (d) of the statute of repose, while providing no similar exception in subsection (a) of the statute of repose, the General Assembly expressed its intention that a fraudulent concealment exception should not apply to claims addressed by subsection (a).10 See Fletcher, 985 A.2d at 694.

Therefore, we hold that, contrary to the trial court's analysis, the doctrine of fraudulent concealment does not apply to the MCARE Act's general statute of repose set forth in section 1030.513(a). Consequently, because the seven-year statute of repose set forth at subsection 1303.513(a) applies to this matter, and because Mr. Osborne did not institute suit until more than seven years after his LASIK surgery, we conclude, as a matter of law, that Mr. Osborne's claims against Appellants are barred by the MCARE Act's statute of repose. The trial court's denial of Appellants' motion for summary judgment was an error of law that we now reverse.

Order reversed.